Skip to main content
Open access
Research Article
30 June 2020

Tisagenlecleucel versus historical standard therapies for pediatric relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Abstract

Aim: We compared outcomes from a single-arm study of tisagenlecleucel with standard of care (SOC) regimens in pediatric and young adult patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods: The analysis included one tisagenlecleucel study, one blinatumomab study, one clofarabine monotherapy study, three studies of clofarabine combination regimens and two studies of other salvage chemotherapy. Matching-adjusted indirect comparison analyses were conducted. Results: After adjusting for baseline characteristics, tisagenlecleucel was associated with significantly prolonged overall survival compared with blinatumomab (hazard ratio [95% CI], 0.32 [0.16–0.64]); clofarabine monotherapy (0.24 [0.13–0.42]); clofarabine combination regimens (0.26 [0.15–0.45]); two salvage therapies (0.15 [0.09–0.25] and 0.27 [0.15–0.49]). Conclusion: The analysis demonstrated tisagenlecleucel was associated with substantially greater survival benefit versus all SOC regimens.

Supplementary Material

File (suppl_file.zip)

References

2.
Siegel DA, Henley SJ, Li J, Pollack LA, Van Dyne EA, White A. Rates and trends of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia – United States, 2001–2014. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 66(36), 950–954 (2017).
3.
Locatelli F, Schrappe M, Bernardo ME, Rutella S. How I treat relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 120(14), 2807–2816 (2012).
4.
Von Stackelberg A, Volzke E, Kuhl JS et al. Outcome of children and adolescents with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and non-response to salvage protocol therapy: a retrospective analysis of the ALL-REZ BFM Study Group. Eur. J. Cancer 47(1), 90–97 (2011).
5.
Ko RH, Ji L, Barnette P et al. Outcome of patients treated for relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia Consortium study. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(4), 648–654 (2010).
6.
Tallen G, Ratei R, Mann G et al. Long-term outcome in children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia after time-point and site-of-relapse stratification and intensified short-course multidrug chemotherapy: results of trial ALL-REZ BFM 90. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(14), 2339–2347 (2010).
7.
Parker C, Waters R, Leighton C et al. Effect of mitoxantrone on outcome of children with first relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL R3): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet 376(9757), 2009–2017 (2010).
8.
Nguyen K, Devidas M, Cheng SC et al. Factors influencing survival after relapse from acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Leukemia 22(12), 2142–2150 (2008).
9.
Rheingold SR, Ji L, Xu X et al. Prognostic factors for survival after relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): A Children's Oncology Group (COG) study [abstract]. J. Clin. Oncol. 37(Suppl. 15), 10008 (2019).
11.
European Medicines Agency. EVOLTRA (clofarabine) EPAR Summary for the Public (2015). www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/overview/evoltra-epar-summary-public_en.pdf
12.
Jeha S, Gaynon PS, Razzouk BI et al. Phase II study of clofarabine in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(12), 1917–1923 (2006).
13.
A Phase II, open-label study of clofarabine in paediatric patients with refractory/relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (2004). www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2004-001853-27/results
15.
Amgen receives FDA breakthrough therapy designation for investigational BiTE® Antibody blinatumomab in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2014). http://investors.amgen.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=61656&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1944069
16.
Brischwein K, Parr L, Pflanz S et al. Strictly target cell-dependent activation of T cells by bispecific single-chain antibody constructs of the BiTE class. J. Immunother. 30(8), 798–807 (2007).
17.
Von Stackelberg A, Locatelli F, Zugmaier G et al. Phase I/phase II study of blinatumomab in pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 34(36), 4381–4389 (2016).
18.
Kantarjian H, Stein A, Gokbuget N et al. Blinatumomab versus chemotherapy for advanced acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 376(9), 836–847 (2017).
21.
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc. Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel). Health Canada Product Monograph (2018). www.newswire.ca/news-releases/novartis-receives-health-canada-approval-of-its-car-t-cell-therapy-kymriah-tisagenlecleuceli-692581041.html
23.
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd. Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel). Australian Prescribing Information (2018). www.nps.org.au/assets/p30-New-drug-2-Tisagenlecleucel-v2.pdf
24.
Maude SL, Laetsch TW, Buechner J et al. Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 378(5), 439–448 (2018).
25.
Laetsch TW, Myers GD, Baruchel A et al. Patient-reported quality of life after tisagenlecleucel infusion in children and young adults with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a global, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 20(12), 1710–1718 (2019).
26.
Signorovitch JE, Sikirica V, Erder MH et al. Matching-adjusted indirect comparisons: a new tool for timely comparative effectiveness research. Value Health 15(6), 940–947 (2012).
27.
NICE DSU Technical Support Document 18: Methods for Population-Adjusted Indirect Comparisons in Submissions to NICE (2017). http://nicedsu.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Population-adjustment-TSD-FINAL.pdf
28.
Thom H, Jugl SM, Palaka E, Jawla S. Matching adjusted indirect comparisons to assess comparative effectiveness of therapies: usage in scientific literature and health technology appraisals. Value Health 19(3), A1–A318 (2016).
30.
Guyot P, Ades AE, Ouwens MJ, Welton NJ. Enhanced secondary analysis of survival data: reconstructing the data from published Kaplan–Meier survival curves. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 12, 9 (2012).
31.
Maude SL, Pulsipher MA, Boyer MW et al. Efficacy and safety of CTL019 in the first US phase II multicenter trial in pediatric relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of an interim analysis. Blood 128(22), 2801 (2016).
32.
Maude SL, Teachey DT, Rheingold SR et al. Sustained remissions with CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells in children with relapsed/refractory ALL. J. Clin. Oncol. 34(Suppl.15), (2016). https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2016.34.15_suppl.3011
33.
Maude SL, Frey N, Shaw PA et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 371(16), 1507–1517 (2014).
34.
Grupp SA, Maude SL, Rives S et al. Updated analysis of the efficacy and safety of tisagenlecleucel in pediatric and young adult patients with relapsed/refractory (r/r) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 132(Suppl. 1), 895 (2018).
35.
Hijiya N, Gaynon P, Barry E et al. A multi-center Phase I study of clofarabine, etoposide and cyclophosphamide in combination in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia. Leukemia 23(12), 2259–2264 (2009).
36.
O'Connor D, Sibson K, Caswell M et al. Early UK experience in the use of clofarabine in the treatment of relapsed and refractory paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 154(4), 482–485 (2011).
37.
Locatelli F, Zugmaier G, Vora A et al. Blinatumomab use in pediatric patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r ALL) from an open-label, multicenter, expanded access study. J. Clin. Oncol. 35(1 Suppl. 15), 10530 (2017).
38.
Hijiya N, Thomson B, Isakoff MS et al. Phase II trial of clofarabine in combination with etoposide and cyclophosphamide in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 118(23), 6043–6049 (2011).
39.
Locatelli F, Testi AM, Bernardo ME et al. Clofarabine, cyclophosphamide and etoposide as single-course re-induction therapy for children with refractory/multiple relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 147(3), 371–378 (2009).
40.
Miano M, Pistorio A, Putti MC et al. Clofarabine, cyclophosphamide and etoposide for the treatment of relapsed or resistant acute leukemia in pediatric patients. Leukemia Lymphoma 53(9), 1693–1698 (2012).
41.
Kuhlen M, Willasch AM, Dalle JH et al. Outcome of relapse after allogeneic HSCT in children with ALL enrolled in the ALL-SCT 2003/2007 trial. Br. J. Haematol. 180(1), 82–89 (2018).